04 Readings (to be read for week 5)

The last set of readings were speculative writing that are some of the most important writings for the ‘prehistory’ of the World Wide Web. Why? Well, prior to the Web we have hypertext (for example I was writing using hypertext software before the World Wide Web was created). One of the very interesting (and unusual) things about hypertext is that there has always been a very strong interdisciplinary cross over between the computer scientists who write the hypertext software, and humanities scholars who used it – and in many cases these were the same people (the programmers were also humanities scholars). So hypertext has an unusual mix of computer science and humanities theory. This means the thinking about hypertext was speculative, which became real things, that were in turn informed by recent theories in philosophy and critical studies, an exciting mix. As a result these programmers knew Ted Nelson’s work, and Bush’s idea of the ‘memex’, and so wanted to build tools that helped develop our ability to think, argue, make.

Hypertext then became a sort of intellectual techno–computer vanguard of radical thinking. Finally, Tim Berners–Lee, who wrote the first Web protocols (so the first version of HTML and HTTP), was familiar with this work too. And so the Web, when it was born, was not just a technical specification about sharing documents but had built deep in its very DNA a culture of making, sharing, distributed knowledge, and acentred knowledge creation. Not because Berners-Lee was a scientist who worked at a particle physics laboratory, but because the work he read about hypertext also had, in it, this humanist inspired centre.

So, this work on hypertext, which originally appeared before the Web, are the children of Bush and Nelson (last week’s reading), and deeply informed the humanities side of the World Wide Web when it was first written. This part of the Web’s history is important as it is Nelson’s deep vision that has ensured that the Web is technically open (it is what we call a stateless protocol) and so has made it so very effective in being adopted, used, and then changing so many things so dramatically.

Hypertext, the First Blush

Landow, George. Hypertext 3.0: Critical Theory and New Media in an Era of Globalization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Print. (extracts, PDF)

Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale (N.J.): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991. Print. (extract, PDF)

Optional (for variety) though HIGHLY Recommended

This is a very easy read that is an elegant summary of the history of the essay and how it has been, well, butchered, through its tortured entry and standardisation in English curricula. Think of it as a counter (alternative) history of the essay and a way to help give you permission to write differently. In your blogs, niki, and so on.

Graham, Paul. “The Age of the Essay.” Paul Graham. Sept. 2004. Web. 11 Aug. 2013. (PDF)

Examples

The original and possibly hypertext fiction was not web based, and we once had copies that could be read via our network, but things have fallen into disrepair on that front for now. So, here’s a couple of selections of hypertextual work:

Geoff Ryman’s early “253”. This is an early web specific hypertext, pretty simple conceit where it is set on a train on London’s Tube. Another early one (1996) from the ‘grandfather’ of hypertext fiction, Michael Joyce, this is web based and called “12 Blue“. And, then, to change track dramatically, a couple of interactive movies that uses the same ideas and principles as hypertext (we make these in second year): Matt Soar’s Ceci N’est Pas Embres, and Nicole Robicheau’s The Border Between Us, only because it is just about a bloody odd story and uses sound more than vision.

Swampy

Some good suggestions from Kylie about doing question and answer in the lecture slot. We are going to follow up some of these, and we will probably try a couple of online experiments around this too. Isabella recognises that we need to bring things (the teaching staff and students), as I wrote earlier, absolutely. The issue I wanted foregrounded was that if you think there is a set lot of ‘things’ to be learned as sort of discrete bits of information, then you really aren’t going to get what you should be from your degree.

Gabrielle has a good question about how to gain knowledge and its relation to information. Information is important, and useful, and to turn it into knowledge we use it. Information by itself is quite dumb, so it becomes what we apply it to, or for. Most of us can do this – I want to know the population of Australia because I am comparing it to France – but the thing we are beginning here is using knowledge as knowledge. Knowledge is always knowledge in its use, so to gain knowledge you need to make things that use it and in using it create it. Blog posts. Essays. Films. The information so far? How to blog, some readings about why to blog, some conversations, provocations, and prompts about learning, providing a specific sort of disruptive experience to model what the network is.

Courtney thinks education is a financial transaction, let’s cut that off right there. University education in Australia has been free since the early 1970s. Today, while there is a HECs contribution of around $6,000 per year the cost to educate you is at least twice that (not including capital works like buildings, internet costs, and equipment), so the balance is paid for by, well, international students and the Australian public through their taxes. Now, it is subsidised because it is thought worthwhile to educate the bright ones, at the expense of everybody else. If you recognise that, then not only is it not the case that you’ve paid the full cost, but that others are paying for your place, so there is an obligation there, too, isn’t there?

Now, the reason the lecture has survived, mainly, is that it was the most efficient way to deliver a chunk of stuff to an audience. That moment is gone. If I wanted lectures to do that I would record them, put them online, and invite you to look at them at your leisure (this is rapidly becoming the dominant model of the ‘lecture’). That’s easy to do, if you just want to talk at people. But what if we wanted to do other things? It isn’t about how many questions, or even questions in the lecture. It is to show how to be something else. To try to make more visible ideas, and more importantly what they can do. Learning is not about transferring knowledge and skills, and educators who sell that are snake oil sales people. How can I ‘transfer’ my know how, to you? I can show you and help you with ways of doing, and being, for instance how to ask better questions, but each time that happens it must always begin from what you have done. Not me. Can’t read that? Let’s help. This is not transfer from the teacher precisely because it needs to begin with the student. This is also why the traditional lecture we ain’t doing, because by definition that begins from the lecturer, not the student. Now, in relation to us being peers. Those last two sentences are ideas I’ve never had before. They’re good ideas. They happen because we are discussing some ideas together, and they have arisen in response to you. The ‘transfer’ is which way now?

By the way, the single best indicator of academic and professional success at Harvard University, independent of previous education, income, entry score, and so on, is a student’s ability to form and participate in a study group. So, actually “just meet up as a group of students and discuss and share information” is the most important thing you can do to learn – explaining things to each other.

Victoria recognises the hypodermic theory of communication that was also woven in my comments about learning and retail therapy. This is the language that advertising used to sell itself when it first rose as a major industry. It’s rubbish as any communications book from post World War Two acknowledges. It’s also known as the “golden bullet” theory. If you get the message right, it will work instantly and perfectly. Never does, never will, except in regimes of extraordinary control (North Korea, Nazi Germany).

Sian picks her way through, though the theory of knowledge is not mine, it’s constructivism, and is premised on experiential learning. So far we’ve provided quite specific experiences so the content of the subject is how you have experienced these, and your reaction to them. And if you want a network media specific angle, how you are feeling in this sea is the same way that old media is feeling (on the day that Rupert’s Australian empire just changed captains, again, after two years of their biggest decline in value ever). Chantelle, meanwhile, got a lot from it (and I am probably surprised at how few in the blogs have gone near to the assumption of privilege I was critiquing). Dylan joins those who saw it a reversion (it was, deliberately so). Twitter, maybe, what we are working on carefully is tech overkill. About ten percent have a twitter account, and I’m not going to get everyone to get twitter to tweet the lecture as that turns twitter into teacher time. If you don’t have it yet, then the first semester of this intensive stuff is not the time to force it. Plus it doesn’t solve anything. 100 people tweeting can’t be responded to, so by all means tweet, use a hashtag for the subject (that’d be great) but I’m more, just do it. Blog it, share it. Let it grow. In other words you are now the media, so be the media, you don’t need the teachers to make that happen.

Emerging Structures

Kylie notes my comments about structure emerges through practice. This is one of the key ideas of networked media (in general and the subject). We don’t know what will become significant, whereas in old style media this was simpler. There were only three commercial TV networks in Australia. Each has to be incredibly important simply because of that. What was shown at any one time had to matter, in a significant way, to someone. The internet stuffs that up as it is a medium that can distribute any sort of media, in any old way (including ways not thought of yet), so rather than three commercial networks, where unless the government sold spectrum to allow a fourth, there is literally no possibility of adding another (putting aside the billions required to do this), we have a platform where anyone can produce and distribute media. And just because I’m small, doesn’t mean I can’t get an audience. Even sometimes, a big one. So what will come to matter emerges out of the network, not because there is a pre-existing structure that I get put into.

A Speculative Documentary

By way of example of how design fiction might work. Peter Watkin’s 1965 documentary The War Game. This is what I would also call a design fiction, or speculative making. It was not shown on BBC television until 1985, as it was thought too horrifying for broadcast, even though all it does is play out the possible consequences of a nuclear strike upon Britain. It does so in the way that design fiction advocates. It isn’t fiction (the film is a documentary), but by using argument, reason, and rationality. All it does it think with the consequences and the implications of these as a very reasonable and logical ‘what if’ and ‘therefore’. It is, genuinely, horrifying without being scary. And yes, it is now on YouTube – The War Game (1965 – dir. Peter Watkins).

Transactions

Nice post from Dominic about this week. btw I agree with Elliot that education is a transaction, and with how he characterised it. My point was the terms of that transaction. What you are ‘buying’ is an experience (for instance how to think the future as Elliot described), which is quite a different ‘product’ than what I was describing. And yes, as many in education (and industry and media) recognise, education follows an industrial model all they way up and down – hierarchy of authority, ‘subjects’ in time slots, scheduled regular hours, and so on. It was a good model for the rise of mass literacy, it is less clear that it still is, and certainly the most interesting, and enriching, educational models don’t follow this.

Memphis returns to the boat story to think about where we are. That’s useful. It’s been in an eddie this week. Sometimes things get paused, sometimes they race along. Again, how you experience this, or have experienced this first three weeks – that IS the content of the subject. The disorientation, excitement, anxiety. The same experience that heritage, big, industrial media is having right now about itself and its future. Same you should have about the sort of world you will enter and what you want to make it into.

Jackie didn’t’ get much but thinks it was her, Edward too. Unlikely. I hit pause and the boat sat in an eddie just to answer one question, that was specifically intended for, at most, 10% of you. But that 10% were still there, and if you wonder that question, then you will stop coming and then there is no possibility to poke the possum as I tried to. I spent a lot for a few, that’s the way it is sometimes. Holly’s another ready to move on. Absolutely. Time to stop flogging a dead horse. Denham agrees. Imogen is ready for what’s next.

Torika speculates that isn’t a lecture to hear the lecture and the tute to talk about it? Once, yes. But just as you’re identifying gaps all by yourself, why think that having a single authoritative source is a good model of teaching? It is a good way to distribute information. It is a very hard way to distribute knowledge (and yes we’ve all seen inspirational TedTalks, but, you know, you can’t do that every week, those people have 1 thing, 1 idea, that they inspire about, in a few minutes, not 12 x 50 minutes). And this is the knowledge business now. Information does not equal teaching or learning. Turning information into knowledge is. You do that, not your lecturer or tutor. If information is now near to hand (the internet and digitised books, articles, commentators, etc) then why waste 50 minutes doing what a google link can do? So then the problem becomes what can we do in that 50 minutes that offers the possibility of making a difference to your understanding? Your understanding. Understanding is not the same as hearing someone explain something for 50 minutes.

Tamrin, on the other hand, is perceptive as they’ve been on the other side, too.

Marketplace

Patrick likes the marketplace. We’ll see how it goes. This actually comes out of some material I’ve been reading about innovation, flat work places, and how to design for amplifying ideas. Thinking about as I was writing the pages and building the forms, I realised it isn’t yet a market place. Imagine if you all had money to spend (marks) so you could buy ‘ideas’ or ‘how to’s’ from others. You paid what you thought they were worth, and if you made them, then you got income (marks) depending on how many, and how good. So let’s say you all had 5 marks to spend, and 5 marks you were allowed to earn. What might happen? mmmm. Might need to mull on this a bit longer. (This has the potential to revolutionise the classroom by the way, turning assessment into an open market of interest led transactions.)

211

Seems parts of my research time (the time when I ordinarily write essays, book chapters, conference papers) is being swallowed in the carnival that is the mediafactory networked media blogs. Sitting at home this morning editing some work, quick check of my Feedly subscriptions and 211 unread blog posts. This is good, but also raises a common problem of what we call ‘scale’ online. For example, while it is a good idea for people to be able to ask questions, in a lecture scenario of 120 students and 50 minutes the scale doesn’t work, there simply isn’t the capacity for everyone’s questions. Similarly online it might be nice to reply to people who contact you, at a certain point this becomes too large a task. This is why people who ‘get’ the network invent things like Twitter, which scales elegantly. It is one to many with some possibility of direct communication but it isn’t premised on it specifically. In our case, at the moment, I write into and around your blogs as a way of providing feedback, promoting the role of blogging as knowledge making and learning, and to ‘shape’ our understanding of things. But it doesn’t scale. 120 students writing this much means it is not a model (where a teacher reads and responds) that is sustainable. It is, though, a good model for a brief intensive time to kick start come hot house something. Be interesting to try to change this after the blogs are assessed, for instance working out a way to get you to write more specifically to each other’s posts?

Marketplace

OK, there is a new page on the networked media blog where you can ask how to do things. These will be put up on a page yet to be made and others can see what is being asked, and if they like make something that shows everyone how to do that. Put that in your blog, let me know (in case I miss it), and it will join the new help list on the main mediafactory page. If you make something in response to a request, you earn two marks.

The help list is being compiled at http://www.mediafactory.org.au/help/, and the request a how to form is on the How To? form page with an outline of the idea and principles in our new marketplace page. Be nice to extend this, to perhaps definitions or similar? What do you think?