Hypertext, Books and Death

Every fire needs a little kindling. Photo: Alienratt

Today’s symposium yielded a number of very relevant and intriguing discussion points. Elliot, Brian and Adrian provided some concrete knowledge from different perspectives regarding the nature of hypertext in itself. Brian’s point on hypertext not being a new “idea” but simply making used of pre-existing technologies, I felt, was an essential component of putting hypertext into context alongside the relevant theory we have explored in this subject and others. It is also important to note that hypertext interacts with different media mediums differently, and different forms work more effectively with different modes and mediums than others. I found Adrian’s link to Wolfgang Ernst’s idea of hypertext being more relative to music than print media to be an interesting perspective that helped to understand the very essence of hypertext and it’s relation to other media formats.

Jasmine reinforced for me the ideas that I expressed in my blog assessment essay – that blogging can be relevant if no-one reads it, given that the space is used appropriately for reflection and critical analysis and noting of one’s own practices and behaviours. It is also a great way to practice writing, and more specifically as Adrian noted, as a way of practicing writing to a speculative audience. When you start to write something good, the audience will come, as long as you put it out there and perform the appropriate transactions – links.

Onto one of my favourite moments for the lecture, being the morbid and often frightening discussion of death. More specifically, the death of books. Adrian raised good points, in that books are now only important because of their relationship with literature, and that in one sense, books are dead (look at how many textbooks, manuals, cookbooks, etc that are online, or e-books instead of physical books). In this sense, the equation and balance between convenience and experience have to be measured. For something like a manual or a textbook, or an academic essay the ease of access and convenience comes first. Even perhaps, for literature and fiction convenience may come first. But for those with interests closely tying into the experience that a book provides, the book is still very relevant. Personally, I like nothing more than to relax and read a good book, made of fine quality paper, with a nice leather binding and crisp pages. The experience is too rewarding for me to give that up. There’s also the collectors factor. I have books that I have collected not only because of the stories within, but because of the very object themselves too, being desirable.

On one final note I want to take a second to think about the health behind books and e-books. I for one, know that I sleep better after having read a book on paper, rather than screen. There’s plenty of evidence out there to suggest that screens do not allow your eyes to relax before sleep, which can significantly affect the effectiveness of your rejuvenation during sleep. Not only this, but as someone with poor sight, sometimes I struggle to focus on a screen. Paper holds the perfect contrast between black and white, but it is softer. It’s easier for my eyes to focus on, therefor the content of the read becomes more digestible.

With that, I can say that I’m a firm believer in books. But it’s also nice to be able to have a convenient portable version of a book. Maybe the book industry could take a page from the music industry and provide free e-book downloads with physical purchases. That’s something I would find very useful and could be a major factor in determining whether I buy a book or not. Is it economically viable for publishers? That’s not for me to know. Time to do some research.

 

Power to the People

www.worldwideweb.com Photo: Anna L. Schiller

Hypertext is a game-changer in the relationship between the author and the reader. Perhaps you could say it blends the line between the reader and the author, creating an author-reader out of the author and a reader-author our of the reader. Confusing, eh? Kind of. What we really need to affirm is the notion of narrative control and the linear arc of the narrative. In a sense, the reader writes their own story with the parts that are given to them. Each reading experience different to the next, it encourages deeper readings of the text, but at the same time pushes for open endedness as well as ambiguity. It’s up to the reader to create the relations between events, characters, places and items in the story. The linear pattern of the story still exists however, as George Landow states:

Linearity now becomes a quality of the individual reader and his or her experience in following a path

So it does not break away from the traditions of writing as such, rather it changes the way they interact and how they relate to the story. Not only this, but the relationship gets complicated with the addition of the machine itself, which can be programmed to guide the reader or control part of the hyper-textual reading experience. Of course some notions are entirely different from classical literature. And of course, no hypertext is the same, just as no reading of a specific hypertext is the same. Each hypertext can carry a different approach to writing and style, just like standard literature. Some hypertexts are more linear than others. Some have a defined beginning, and simply mould and morph to the readers interpretation during the middle of the text:

There is [in some writers] some obvious reluctance to disorientate readers upon their initial contact with the narrative.

So what do I like about Hypertext? From my short introduction to it (the subject requires more investigation), I can positively say that I enjoy the power that is given to the reader in terms of structuring the narrative and creating a story. What’s even better is the story’s powerful experience. It’s different every time you read it. I like that idea, it’s very ambiguous and open to interpretation. The draw backs? I think sometimes, ambiguity can be taken to extreme heights. Sometimes things are so open, that they just don’t have anything that is interesting at all. Perhaps it takes a more open mind. I guess it’s similar to some of those more artsy films. The kind that we spend semester one of cinema studies learning about. Sometimes, the boundaries are stretched to a point where it loses all art and skill. Although I guess there is a skill even, in trying to be as unskilled as possible. If that makes sense. What Ned says makes sense too.

Blogging about Blogs

The network in full swing. Photo: Adrian Miles

Re: Blog Assessment Task

Throughout Networked Media I have utilised the blog to develop my skills in writing and actively participating in the network, that is networked media. Not only this, but it has been a platform for personal development and self-discovery. The experience has been an ultimately positive one, with only a few downsides. It is obvious that it is an appropriate style of learning for me.

My blog has been primarily used to reflect upon components of my study such as lectures (or “unlectures”), readings and tutorial activities and exercises. Although after developing confidence in writing and publishing online, it has taken on a broader and diverse range of personal interests and beliefs. This blogging has helped me to develop better habits in reflecting and noting my own behaviours and practices. It’s helped me to better notice the way I learn and process information. John Mason quotes Bateson in Researching Your Own Practice: The Discipline of Noticing, “the essence of noticing is being awake to situations, being mindful rather than mindless”, this mindfulness of how the world around me is developing, changing, progressing and behaving coupled with a greater self awareness of my own behaviour has developed important skills and habits that I feel have contributed to increasing my successfulness in the key areas of my life; personal relationships, study and overall happiness. Apart from these overarching life skills and personal developments, I feel as though my technical ability and skill in writing and networking is vastly improved, as well as my confidence. I have strived to write at least once a day in my blog, and generally post at least twice a day. By applying myself to these activities regularly and consistently I feel more confident in my ability to express myself and also in my literacy capabilities. Perhaps these are the rewards of endeavouring and diving into a process.

On the other hand, there have been a number of negatives – nothing major – that I have encountered by participating in the network. The main problem is the feeling of being disconnected despite being an active participant in the network. Although the problem may rest with my ability in itself, I feel as though I am not as closely connected to my peers within the network, as I would like to be. The reasons – a lot of others aren’t participating, which makes it hard to develop interactions. Although I shouldn’t rely on others to fuel my own link to the network, as this course is sort of thrusting the student into “the deep end” – so to speak- it is encouraging to have the support of your peers around you. There does not seem to be too much interaction between students, without the middleman developing a link (Networked media blog). That relates closely to the other issue I encountered initially, which was a lack of confidence. Not being confident by nature, I struggled to swim when I was thrown into the blog. Thanks to the ideas being shared by Adrian and the other tutors in the unlectures and tutorials, I have been able to develop my confidence and adapt my habits so that I can embrace challenges and change. Chris Argyris identifies Mode I behaviour as having an emphasis on control and defensiveness. I guess you can’t shoot the messenger; perhaps the negatives are developed on the back of my own inability to approach and manage challenges.

Perhaps what the blog has been most effective in is surprising me in regards to my own abilities. It’s taught me to understand what I’m good at and identify my passions. This, I feel, is a benefit of applying yourself in the best way possible to the task. By continuing my engagement with my writing skills and the network, I have caught glimpses into what interests me and how I express it. The recurring motifs, themes and ideas that I present in my blog posts have helped me to articulate my interests. I have a greater understanding of my passion. The way the blog impacted my confidence levels has caught me off guard more than anything in particular. Being someone who often lacks confidence, my ability to connected with strangers and express myself and my writing through blogging has surpassed my own expectations. It’s a medium that has helped me feel comfortable about my own writing, my own personality and the positive aspects of my character. As I have already discussed, it has benefitted me immensely in developing strong, positive habits as well as more adaptable behaviours and reflective practices. This is part of the reason why I intend to carry on making regular entries into my blog for the remained of semester and the future ahead.

I plan to keep my entries regular, hopefully on a daily basis. The reason for this is keeping myself engaged in the network, actively practicing my writing and skills as well as reinforcing positive habits and behaviours. I have found the blog to impact positively on my studies, and I think it will be a great way to manage my passion and interest in the future. As the traffic on my blog slowly picks up, I have found the next challenge in reaching a wider audience outside of my immediate social group, family and classmates. To achieve this, I will need to present content that is relevant and useful to people, as well as learn how to deliver it most effectively to these people. This is a challenge that I intend to take up over the next year and indefinitely into the future. Finally, one of the draw cards in maintaining a blog is the online presence it has not only helped me to create, but also taught me to maintain. In a future that revolves around technology this is ever-increasingly important as employers, colleagues and people around the world look to learn more about you through your “online footprint”.  As Adrian states in Blogs in Media Education. “How you are recognised within the context of [the network] can be controlled by you through your blog.” My presence in both the online world, as well as my success in my own endeavours in life can both be managed and supported through the regular upkeep of this blog, and that is exactly what I intend to do.

 

Sources:

Smith, M. K. (2001) ‘Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning’, the encyclopedia of informal education,www.infed.org/thinkers/argyris.htm

Miles, Adrian. “Blogs in Media Education: A Beginning.” Australian Screen Ed 41 (2006): 66–9. Print. vogmae.net.au/vlog/research/network-literacies/blogs-in-media-education/

Mason, John. Researching Your Own Practice: The Discipline of Noticing. London: Routledge, 2002. http://vogmae.dropmark.com/133224/2127749

 

A Heightened Sense of Things

Quality. Photo: Stefan Dotti

If nothing has come of my time at University, it has helped me to strengthen and tighten my senses, giving me control over what I see, hear and retain. That’s a skill for life that’s going to help me regardless of what sort of career I end up in. If nothing sums it up better, its this statement Dilios makes in Frank Miller‘s 300:

A heightened sense of things. The seaborn breeze, coolly, kissing the sweat at his chest and neck. Gulls cawing, complaining, even as they feast on the thousands of floating dead.

Beautiful and vivid. That’s exactly the kind of attention I pay to my surroundings and environment. I have always had an attention to detail, the stimulation that comes from noticing is a reward for my brain. But between the concepts in Networked media, and the exercises performed in WMT, I have learned a greater control over my senses. Particularly hearing as well as retaining information. I collect vinyl records, so I am used to a higher quality analog sound regardless. I love the depth in the music when its played at its warm and ambient best. When you learn how to use your ears to distinguish, hone in on and control a selection of sounds from the soundscape around you, the experience is even deeper. From these two activities combined, my perception of sound has been completely altered.

I pay attention to tones, sonic qualities and textures in sound that I never experienced before. Even when hearing a song through my car stereo I can now separate the layers and elements of the sound and identify a much cleaner and crisp rhythm, beat, riff, or line. It’s the richness of the experience that I’ve come to enjoy.

It’s the same visually. Taking in the sights around me, noticing those little details and textures of a building, of a piece of furniture, of a car. It creates a more vivid and colourful memory. Something almost tangible. Lucid in its very being. This sort of thinking, the behaviours are only going to help me in life. If you can pay attention to things, retain this information and communicate it effectively, there’s going to be a whole lot of roadblocks that don’t impede you anymore. Paying attention to detail and caring about your environment are important parts of any aspect of life. But as I am starting a career in the media industry within the near future, it becomes even more relevant.

Blogging Builds Brains

Stars and a power pole. What’s more inspirational than that man? Photo: Lisa Ng

Clever alliteration. Thanks, I know. With the assessment for the blog due in a week, I have been putting some thought into why I blog and what I gain from it. Obviously as part of the requirements for the class, the purpose of the blog is to engage with the relevant content and topics in a thorough and speculative manner. I’d like to go a step further than that and look at the greater and wider purpose of my blog. There’s got to be more to life right? Some divine purpose, holy mission, etc, etc. There is. As I celebrate my 40th blog post, I’d like to think that blogging helps me to reach that purpose.

So, at the end of semester one, I knew that my time had come. It was time to do that thing that so many people do. Defer for a year. Why didn’t I do it straight out of school. I think I wanted to get my degree over with as soon as possible. So why don’t I think that any more? Well, I don’t want my degree to end. Don’t take it that way, I actually do, but I don’t think I’m ready for it yet. I feel there’s a lot more I can put into this degree, and at this moment in my life, I’m not ready to engage with the degree in the most beneficial manner. So I’m going to take a year off. Find my passion, invigorate my brain, get some real world experience. It’s not that I’m not enjoying the course, or doing well enough in it. I’m not happy with doing well though. I want to take advantage of every opportunity that is available to me in this course. Kevin is someone who has done the hard yards, and is willing to get into the mix. He dives right in. To his credit, this is something we can all learn from. It’s something I feel I need a little more confidence to do first. So that’s what I’m going out to do.

Anyway,  let’s nut this down to the point. What this blog has done has created an opportunity for me. Someone who can often have trouble expressing things in face to face communication, this blog has really helped me become more expressive and literate in my communication. It’s also shown me the power of being connected and involved in the network. It’s helped me find things I love, express how much I love them and share it with other people. Sure, it might get 15 views a day. But those 15 views are irrelevant. It’s how it makes me feel on the inside.

I feel empowered at the moment, with a whole load of positive energy. This course has got me thinking differently about everything. I speculate, appreciate, evaluate. I plan, I take more risks and I think of things in a long term sense, rather than acting quickly and irrationally. Everything I do, I put more thought into and notice more. The set up of this class has really helped me and my brain. We’re in a good place now, me and brain.

So you might ask, why defer now when you’re feeling such good vibes man? That’s exactly why I’m going to take a break. I’m taking these positive vibes and continuing to work with them. I’m putting them into life, instead of just my studies. My plan is to continue to use this blog, over the next year and throughout my degree and career. Overall, I feel the best way to use this positive energy is to do some hard work, build some resources and get myself involved with my craft and what I love. I need to produce some work, gain some experience and really stretch myself to explore my potential. When that’s done and the year is up, I’ll come back refreshed, keen and eager. Just as I am now, but with a little bit of confidence, a little bit of experience and a little more backing.

For me, this blog has given me a little bit of confidence and a few handy skills, but most importantly it’s helped me feel creative and find my passions. I love to write, so it works well. How well I write will change as time goes on. Things can only get better. But we’ll see if my plans are a golden dream or whether I can make them happen.

Who am I kidding. Of course I can. I’ve got this, man. Anything’s possible (be realistic). Let’s do it. Thanks Kev for the inspiration.

 

Changing Paradigms

Ken Robinson’s in the spotlight again. This is sort of going to be a re-hash of some stuff I talked about earlier, but I’ll give it a go anyway. Really, what Ken’s trying to promote is a change in the way we teach children in schools. His theories make sense, too. Fostering, nurturing and growing creativity, that’s what it’s all about. Forget segregation of classes by age, forget academic brilliance as the only indicator of a successful student. It’s not about what you do, but how you do it. Establishing creative process and ability in kids, rather than teaching kids how to make creative things (or in some cases, not very creative at all things).

The idea behind this, is that we create a generation of human beings who are innovative, creative, risk-taking and capable. Then we continue to do it, for generations to come. A complete shift in the way we educate. This would encourage progression and development. It would make organisations and individuals more successful. Not only that, but it would make people happier. This kind of learning encourages people and teaches them to trust in their capabilities and potential, take chances and keep an open mind. That sounds like the recipe for eternal bliss. If you’re adaptable, able to respond well to challenges (hello resilience) and incredibly creative, what in the world is going to stop you? Absolutely nothing. Give this talk a watch:

I’m not saying it’s foolproof (it practically is anyway, I think the success rate would be much higher than the current system), and learning styles certainly aren’t as good for one Joe as the next. But this is a system that is adaptable to all kinds of kids. It fosters individual talents and abilities. If everyone has a chance to grow in their own way, won’t the chances of a successful generation be much more likely? I know from experience that there are a lot of kids who struggle (currently and in the past) with the public education system. It’s a system that is based on old foundations (as Robinson explains) which are no longer relevant.

This is one of the reasons I was attracted to Networked Media from the get-go. Adrian embraces the qualities and ideas that Ken Robinson suggests. Sure there will be some hiccups along the way and change will take a while (we’re all taught to be so defensive [hello Mode I and II] and don’t manage change well), but in the end, the grass will never look a more lustful green. It’ll probably be clipped closely and neatly too. If that’s how you want it. When you come out of this process, the grass is yours to model and style as you like. That’s the greatest perk.

The Changing World and Crowdfunding

Someone’s got a passion for fashion. Photo: Rick Chung

Here’s another smart idea that’s made it to the world level. Meet Byco, the new network of sorts for fashion design. An interesting and completely relevant subject that has certainly become more prevalent in the past year or two. It’s also playing a big role in what we’ve already discussed as a changing industry and world. So what does Byco do? Well, if you were too lazy to click the link and find that out for yourself, it pretty much facilitates the process of the fashion industry post design. Aspiring designers are faced with a lot of challenges once they have a design. A lot of the time, they don’t know what to do with it, because their education teaches them a specific set of skills. Byco steps in to take care of the production of the garment, funding and marketing. Letting designers sit back and roll in the profit. There’s still a profit, but you’re only going to get 20-30%, which is fair value considering that you don’t have to pay for any of the materials or production process.

When you submit your design, you can choose to fund the initial sample, or crowd-fund it. If you do it yourself, the 30% profit is yours. If you crowd-fund it, then 10% of the profit goes to the investors. Regardless, this is the kind of thing that people are doing with the internet and communications. The changing technology and industries of the world have evolved into systems like this, where people with skills contribute what they can do to a project. Everybody works together to achieve the goal, this sort of organisation facilitates this process and makes it incredibly easy and organised.

It’s not without its pitfalls. Of course in some cases, you’d be better off to do it yourself. If you’ve got the skills, know-how and adaptability you’d be better off eliminating the middle man. In the end, it’s the one with the most innovation that takes home the largest portion of bacon. We know this, because Byco’s creator is going to end up with the millions. But it certainly does help facilitate the production process for new designers entering the business. It’s a starting point, a springboard and a platform of sorts.

Truly an interesting idea, one that has been explored by a number of different industries. Crowdfunding has been big in the film industry lately. It’s a good way to find people who want to help make your ideas happen. It lets you find people who like your work. Applications like Byco, however, are less common. It will be interesting to see the future of this kind of networking and how it shapes up.

Conceptual thinking and Alan Turing

Turing’s persona captured in stone. Photo: Duane Wessels

Alan Turing is someone that you might not know of directly, but chances are you’ve used a computer at some point. You’re more than likely using one to read this. One of the great conceptual thinkers of the 20th century, Turing was responsible for designing the concepts for some of the worlds first electronic stored-program computers, as well as being one of the world forerunners in concepts regarding artificial intelligence and emotional intelligence of computers. While he didn’t physically invent such devices and technologies, his thought processes and methods of thinking and design were what have brought a lot of the technology we utilise today into life. Mind you, this was all happening in the 1940’s. Someone was good at speculation and creative thinking.

Not only known internationally for his concepts and designs, Turing was also integral in the deciphering the German codes used in WWII and enabling the Allies to intercept messages and read them. Asa Briggs, a historian and wartime codebreaker has some nice things to say about him.

You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing’s was that genius.

His main three accomplishments were his input into the fields of codebreaking, computing and AI.

What makes this tragic is that he was lost at a relatively early age. Whether it be accidental or suicide, the case was never resolved. But Turing’s life was impeded by a number of social issues that still affect us in ways some 60 years down the track. Turing was a homosexual, at the time, this was considered illegal. When his relationship with another male became known he was officially charged. To escape going to prison, he elected to be chemically castrated. That pretty much means they pumped him with oestrogen to try and suppress his sexual tendencies.  While the effects of this were tragic on Turing’s life and self, the fields he worked in suffered even greater losses.

He was imprisoned at the height of his work, he worked for the government breaking codes and had access to government data that was confidential. Because homosexuals were considered a “security threat” – something to do with being subject to blackmail – he was forced to leave his position. Without access to such a high level of resources, there’s no doubt his work was hindered. He continued to work with the Universities he was attached to during his life, but his death marked a tragic end to his work. Perhaps if he had lived another 20 years we could have seen his concepts come to be much faster? Who knows what sort of unlimited knowledge was present in such a mind. His ability to think creatively, conceptually and utilise elements of what we know today as “design fiction” perhaps would have yielded some incredible technological advances much earlier in the 20th century.

The Past-Age of the Essay

Essay time. Photo: Serdar Kilic

For an interesting look into the history of the essay and how it went so wrong in public education. Perhaps if more people thought like this, the essay would not have such a negative stigma surrounding it? As Courtney points out, highlighting a new method of thought, or set of beliefs regarding a subject is much more exciting than rehashing information about Charles Dickens or Hamlet. Equally important, she also acknowledges that certain subjects require facts and evidence (such as history) for points to be made. This is also perfectly true, however as Adrian pointed out, there are plenty of great essays that use evidence and facts. I think it is more to do with the fact that essays don’t need evidence to be good. We have been brought up to be very wary of information (eg; Don’t use wikipedia as a source, it can’t be trusted– While some of these are marginally valid points, this article in general screams insecure rubbish), everything must have a source, surely we can’t actually come up with our own ideas or thought patterns – or more importantly – trust them?

I also think that the quote she pulled out from Graham’s article really hones in on a sound and integral point.

In a real essay, you don’t take a position and defend it. You notice a door that’s ajar, and you open it and walk in to see what’s inside.

Perhaps if schools taught writing using this stance, we would have generations of much more confident and creative individuals? I’m serious, if we were taught this in school, the world would be so revolutionarily different I can’t even explain it. For instance: How many kids out there are there who fail at english and fall apart because they simply can’t get their head around the rigid and unobliging structure that is forced down our throats in Secondary school? People would be more open to learning, they’d be more confident at it, not only that but they would be more creative about it. This sort of standpoint encourages people to express their own unique thoughts and ideas; but not to persuade through bullying. The idea is to present and speculate, pose new questions and answer it.  It encourages you to show what you know and think, to speculate, to explore and ponder the universe. Wouldn’t that be much more beneficial then learning the art of rehashing, re-mixing and defending yourself?

Your view point is not right, you can’t even give someone else’s statement to back it up. You should be able to back up your ideas with other people’s previous developed thoughts. Oh, but you’re not allowed to use other people’s ideas anyway. That’s stealing. Sound familiar? The best part about abiding by the methodology that Graham suggests, as Georgina points out:

you can start out with nothing- just a pencil, a piece of paper and your thoughts- and result in an answer to something neither you nor the reader had previously known. That’s the way to progress, to evolve.

Creativty. Speculation. Exploration. Recurring themes. They’re all the outcomes of “Model II” style activities and behaviour. The form of “essay” that we learn in school is definitely a “Model I” sort of action. Its all about insecurity, being defensive and not allowing speculation and creativity.

 

Technologies

Red HFR Cameras – The future of cinema? Photo: Ian Muttoo

Vannevar Bush’s “As We May Think” creates a feeling of possibility and speculation from the first read in. While Bush recounts the history of communication – particularly storage techniques – I could not help but feel my mind inclining to thoughts of future technologies and inventions (This one came to mind straight away). The fact presented early in the article is true. We now have a network with abundant amounts of knowledge, currently however, we are relying on methods of storage and knowledge retention that do not take full advantage of it. To speculate this in 1945 deserves bonus points. I guess the another main point is that in 1945 we were faced with similar problems. Storage, categorising, sorting, organising. Now we have these better methods, but we also have a lot more information and knowledge to retain, store, sort and organise.

Technology surrounding storage methods of communication (ie, photography, film, etc) are still clunky, but everything is headed in the direction of minimising this clunkiness. We only have to look at companies like RED digital cameras. Smaller than a traditional video camera, yet more capable of producing high definition digital images. The prospects of technologies like this are only just starting to be explored by film-makers on a major level. HFR (High Framerate) films and Peter Jackson and James Cameron in particular come to mind. (Although this one is taking a while to rub-off on film experts – the fans seem to love it – I can only assume that this will become a standard in the future.)

Interestingly enough, this ties back in with the ideas of Model I and II learning that Adrian introduced us too a number of weeks ago. It’s funny how everything relates and interconnects in the network. When something new – ie change – is proposed or implemented, defensiveness and criticism is always the initial response.

But enough about loops and connections. As Bush’s article outlines we are moving towards new technologies even now after such incredible leaps and bounds we have made to make things more accessible. The bulk of the article discusses the histories of technologies and how they’ve evolved. How we’re all able to take pictures that are higher resolution then experts could take only years ago. How we’re able to manufacture greater more powerful devices and technologies with even more ease than a basic device required back in the day. As our inventions become more adventurous, so too must our methods of communication, production and storage. Since this was written, our technologies have become even more advanced and adaptable.

 

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