PB4 ~ Group Conclusion ~

One of the most pivotal learning points I have learnt from Project Brief 4, is the importance of understanding and respecting each group members different approach to academia and time management. Personally, my work ethic designates small portions of each day to a project, making it slowly progress whilst continuously form. The nature of PB4 as a group task with multiple components and layers, meant that there had to be symbiotic relationship between group work and personal initiative. Luckily, due to the successful teamwork dynamic my group shared, we were able to contribute through individual’s progress to the project’s process. Initially, we discussed our Media 1 strengths and weaknesses allowing forming a clear common-ground understanding about what we wanted our PB4 to look like, and whether it was actually achievable. Thus,  pre-production stage focused on the Media 1’s structure and teachings,  establishing that the history of public to private broadcasting held significance to our given topic ‘institutions’. The pop-culture and music industry we discussed is arguably an institution as we see the genres strong influence over audience’s habit and beliefs, paralleling it with the sphere of influence present in the broadcast era. As a subcategory we chose K-POP, as it’s controversial nature provided each member with a genuine interest and desire to research. Using José van Dijck & Thomas Poell article Making Public Television Social (2014), we could see K-POP’s ‘social media’s infiltration on all segments of everyday life [that] has impacted the fabric of social institutions, disrupting broadcasters convention production and distribution logistic’ (2014), thus making through social trends, collectivist communities. Therefore, the production process of PB4 was successful due to the communicative relationship made between each member of the group. As we all shared research responsibilities it allowed each member to find genuine interest in the controversial nature of K-POP, whilst attempting to find a modernised definition of  institutions today.

However, within the production stage problems arose regarding the designation and responsibility of editing, as people became situated in hierarchical areas of influence. Unlike pre-production, where each member of the group could go home and contribute research that furthered the shape of our currently unknown puzzle, productions designation of responsibility made the group dynamics re-structure. By having two individuals to take physical control of the audio and visual files post rough cut stage, it only allowed for the other members of the group to contribute physically during weekly meetings. As we did not want to ‘share’ the files – in fear that exporting a working Premiere Pro document could corrupt footage – it reconstructed creative rights that were previously shared equally.
As a way of overcoming this problem, we devised a schedule of meetings that allowed each person to contribute a percentage of found footage. This allowed each member to still have an active role in the project’s formation, along with relieving the burden of editing unfairly falling onto the members shoulder who housed the file. Consequently, the group continuously discussed the production process with one another,  yet the responsibility to edit whatever homework was left did eventually fall onto a specific individual. This is one element of group projects I will keep in mind for the future, as it is not fair for one individual to fall behind in sacrifice for a group mark. As we became aware of the lengthy time it would take to edit, each member was assigned specific tasks that would help contribute eg. writing and editing of scripts, finding footage for video, translating news articles from Chinese to English etc. We aided one another by capitalising on the personal strengths we found in the course (e.g. I wrote scripts, Kris translated Korean media items, Vanessa found footage, and Isobell edited). These tasks weren’t designated completely to one person, and everyone pitched in and helped with one another, however it was due to our communication skills and initiate that the project’s weight was shared among all of us.

Each media’s construction demonstrated different affordances as there was an audio and video based media. The audio essay seemed pretty straight forward; recording a dossier,  a script, inserting sound effects and attaching reference files. In contrast the video file was  quite complicated and multi-layered. Having to juggle visual elements with narration and audio editing, the videos referencing and organisation become messy as files were sent through USB’s were lost and corrupted. However, my having the two medias present it taught us the conflicting and similarities found within each other. As audio is a singular and one sense experience, whilst video has two active senses with multi-layered visuals and components, we experienced the difference length of time each took to construct and to cite.

Conclusively, Project Brief Four’s collaborative process has been a great experience and has taught me about teamwork, time management, the creative process along with the construction of audio and video based media. I will definitely take forth the significance and important of teamwork demonstrated from my group, hoping to establish the same productive and respectful relationships made contextually.

Van Dijck, José and Poell,Thomas (2014) Making Public Television Social? Public Service Broadcasting and the Challenges of Social Media, Television & New Media 2015, Vol. 16(2) 148–164 © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav. Sage Prints, London.

MEETING LOG ~~ Summary

MEETING LOG

Vanessa, Kris, Isobell and Joss

Institutions

Date Discussion Future/ Homework
29/4/2016

Workshop

PRE-PRODUCTION

  • The subject of institution was given to us
  • Brainstormed our ideas of institutions (jails, schools, religion, large scale cooperation)
  • K-POP as an institution
  • MTV as an institution
  • Are these pop-culture channels institutions? Lengthy discussion on whether promotion of behavior qualifies an organization as an institution
  • What is the difference between an organization and institution?
  • Facebook group was made with all members of group ~ easy contact
  • Annotated bibliography (due in 2 weeks) ~ each member needs six different academic sources
  • We need to figure out what an institution is and if these pop culture channels apply
  • What is Korean Pop? Lets take a closer look… youtubes, articles etc.
4/5/2016

Private meeting

PRE-PRODUCTION

  • Over the weekend all members found articles about K-POP and brought them forward for discussion
  • Watch K-POP Vice Documentary (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wWKjxxM6q8) ~ Seoul Fashion Week – K-Pop to Double Eyelid Surgery
  • Discussed balance between K-POP itself being an institution and whether the image they produced being institutionalized
  • Quick discussion on video essay and audio essay approach
  • Continue on with annotated bibliographies (everyone is around half way now)
  • Continue watching K-POP documentaries and reading articles
  • Everyone now following K-POP Daily on Facebook ~ a page dedicated to K-POP news ~ and see how media represents idols
6/5/2016

Workshop

PRE-PRODUCTION

  • Started brainstorming points for the video essay (what kind of approach should we use)
  • Everyone was given a paragraph for homework to write up to help develop script
    Origins of K-POP: Isobel

Growth and Progression: Vanessa

Sphere of Influence: Joss

Demonstration of control: Kris

  • Continue on annotated bibliography (everyone should have AT LEAST 4 by the end of next week)
  • Write up 250 words each on prescribed topic (making 1000 words all up) ~ around 5 minutes of talking
  • Continue research and get REFERENCES!
11/5/2016

Private Meeting

PRE-PRODUCTION

  • Go through audio script
  • Discussion on incorporating MTV into PB4 to create comparisons about each pop industry’s promotion of culture and ethics
  • MTV (16 and pregnant) vs. KPOP (affirmation of their idol’s perfection)
  • Exploitation of young mothers for entertainment vs. South Korea’s elevated desire for ‘innocence’/virginity ~ how are these two institutions different and why?!
  • Made Hodgson our main reference for institution definition
  • Recorded first draft of audio script  
  • Go and research MTV
  • Find out why MTV has changed from a liberated channel of music to now providing ‘crap’ TV shows about either upper or lower class (no middle class… why?
  • Continue editing 250 words, we need more references
  • Understand what started K-POP
13/5/2016

Workshop

PRODUCTION

  • Played audio script to Rachel and class ~ overall good feedback however….
  • Rachel questions whether K-POP actually is an institution… we need to do research on how to prove it is
  • Annotated bibliographies were due ~ discussed what everybody found ~ a lot more interest in K-POP then MTV
  • Discussion on institution vs. institutionalized thinking (what do they both mean) (is collectivist thinking portrayed through social media trends?)
  • More editing on video script
  • Started discussion on audio script ~ what will be the differences between audio and video?
  • How do we define K-POP as an institution  

https://drive.google.com/drive/u/1/folders/0B6iiXPd4UFtoLUFzWG1od3hlOEE ~~ doc in Google Drive

  • More research!
  • If we see any videos or articles on the internet about K-POP start to save them and put into Google drive folder
  • Decide whether or not we are interested in doing MTV? We seem to be sitting on the fence with this one (very interested in it’s sexualisation of young girls but is that really relevant?)
16/5/2016

Private Meeting
PRODUCTION

  • Started ball rolling for video script; we want to record some time this week! Pretty much all done now
  • Scrapping of MTV idea ~ makes the portrait have too many subjects and parts. Having only K-POP makes it easier to show that it is an institution
  • Writing up of audio script (have to present it this Friday in workshop)
  • Discussion on the approach we should take on audio script
  • Writing up and finalizing script before recording on Wednesday
  • Re-edit previous script work that referenced MTV as we have now dismissed our case study of it
  • Watch more documentaries and attempt to understand what is K-POP
18/5/2016

Private Meeting

PRODUCTION

  • Recording of audio script in Building 9
  • Once recording and spoken out loud there were obvious grammatical errors that had to be re-typed
  • Re recorded segment of audio essay… Kris speaking foreign language which where will over
  • Everyone go home and re-read both scripts ~ make sure they are easy to read and comprehensible
  • Continue to gather video essay footage (REMEMBER TO CITE!
20/5/2016

FINAL

Workshop

PRODUCTION

  • Workshop and showed Rachel our video and audio takes so far
  • Positive feedback, especially in regards to audio
  • Started sorting through Google Drive and organising folders of audio and video elements
  • Re-ran through script for final recording nect week
  • – As end of semester is now approaching everyone needs to go home and make sure that the Dossier, and Google Drive elements are all up to scratch
  • – A shared
24/5/2016

Private Meeting

PRODUCTION

  • Re-record video script
  • Record audio introduction again
  • Video script reworked
  • A shared USB was passed around and we downloaded everyones found footage onto it to maximise editing
  • Produced table of content for video script, started including
  • Final week of editing really begins
  • Continously send files and clips of how video and audio editing is progressing
  • Make sure blogs are up to date
  • Joss and Isobell take home found footage and start making essays
26/5/2016

Private Meeting

PRODUCTION

  • Do one last major take of video essay with final edit
  • Moved rooms Sound Suites on ground level of Building 9 ~~ a MUCH HIGHER sound quality rather than in the basement where you could hear the opening and closing of door/ muffled sound of voices
  • Re-recorded an introduction for audio essay
  • Made sure everyone is up to date with blogs
  • Apply all the recordings made for this session onto Premiere so next week we only have to worry about visuals
30/5/2016

Private Meeting

PRODUCTION

  • Isobell and Vanessa brought in what they had made of essays so far
  • Group discussed what could be re-edited and structure
  • Final touch ups for audio essay ~~ MEGA trim of length … Went overtime nearly 10 minutes
  • Video essay discussion
  • Isobell go home and trim audio essay ~ by now pretty much all the editing is done and we just need to focus on time management
  • Video essay needs more visual work, but narration and time length is sound
1/6/2016

Private Meeting

PRODUCTION

  • Second

 

Final touches to PB4.

Today in workshop my group finalised the script for our audio and video essay. Our approach is to capitlise on the video essays visuals and thus use that essay as a more informative overview of what an institution is and means today, and how K-POP follows Hodgson’s modernised appropriation of the term. In the audio however, we will take a more personalised approach using the medium as an education forum, structuring the arguments for and against K-POP being an institution as a debate.

Attached is the video essay’s script. It is structured in a way that reflects the video’s visual progression and theme.

Geoffrey Martin Hodgson (1946-present), a Research Professor of Business Studies in the University of Hertfordshire, discusses through his descriptive text ‘What are Institutions’ 2006, that the term ‘institution’ is a sociological definition that is in urgent need for A modernized revamp. The term nowadays transcends its traditionalist connotations and requirements, instead reflecting areas of study that inherit society with the rise of Media 2.0.  His 1) requirement states that institutions must have conventions and formal rules and 2) that these rules must concern the interaction and function of their agents’ habits and beliefs. His 3) point exemplifies why the term needs a cognitive shift, as be aware technological mediums transcending previous tangible platforms. We must focus on the way these platforms promote certain societal behavior and conduits governance over collectivist communities.

Thus, K-POP, “(an abbreviation of Korean pop; Hangul: 케이팝) a musical genre originating in South Korea that is characterised by a wide variety of audiovisual elements” exemplifies how institutions can become abstract within our contemporary world. Following its liberation in 1945 from Japanese occupation, South Korea had continued presence of the U.S. military. As America’s political regimes spread throughout South Korea, so did its music and arts that was gradually accepted and interpreted by Korean culture. By the new millennium, K-POP music emerged from chrysalis to the k-pop we know today. Through the introduction of cable TV, catalyst to the post-broadcast transition, Korea along with other countries sold content over seas to create the hundreds of channels we now have at our fingertips daily. This flourished K-POP’s success through its global stage that due to it’s unique take on pop-culture has had repeated appearances on the Western music charts such as Billboard and South Korea’s cultural exports. In 2008, (including television dramas and computer games) South Korea’s cultural exports rose to US$2 billion, maintaining an annual growth rate of over 10%.

Now, we can interpret K-POP as a media institution that follows the platform of Media 2.0’s globalized network, however it is it’s institutionalized practices and governance of ‘idols’ that really affirms its title as an institutions within Hodgson’s modern world. Due to its unique stylisation and product, K-POP has attracted millions of followers around the world. As followers/ fans of ‘idols’ – a term actually used by K-POP that references their chosen celebrities – most of us only noticed the glamourous and entrancing appearance of these elevated individuals. However, under this hypnotic vial there are lots of harsh requirements that concern the success of individuals, governing by a selected few that interprets the institutions habits and function of enterprise and cultural appropriation.

 

DONE!

 

Before k-pop ‘idols’ are qualified and ready to ‘debut’, they go through a tough selected process ranging from personal interviews to dancing auditions. The successful few, out of competitors of the thousands, are chosen off looks and talent and then asked if they are able to enter the entertainment industry and start their training. Now, training goes beyond our Western ideas of voice coaches and reality TV programs, as K-POP trainees get taught how to survive being a celebrity, and thus a figurehead for K-POP’s institution and Korea’s cultural ambition. Signing, dancing and acting are the basic skills that an idol are required to know, however, they are also taught how to walk/sit, laugh, introduce themselves, how to show their talent etc. Now, this is all unpaid meaning that for the amount of time this individual is in training for, which by the way can be for years — example of K-POP idol who has been since kid— isn’t recognised as progressive unless they qualify for a once in a lifetime achievement of being debuted. There isn’t a limit time for training maybe one year maybe ten years, we can always hear from the idol’s interview, they say trainers’ life are hopeless and drawn-out, because there isn’t an endline for them to count on. A girl in idol group ‘twice’ is called Jihyo, who has stayed in the JYP entertainment for 10 years as a trainer, on the day of her debut showcase she was tearing up for the whole song which caused Jihyo couldn’t sing properly. She said she dreamed this moment almost every night, but she cannot believe herself when this moment has arrived.

 

conclusion

Reaching millions and with many more avid followers,  the supremely refined musical stylings of kpop- whether you love or hate it- echo across the globe.

 

Having powerful influence through fashion, make up, dance etc South Korea has become the encompasses Asian pop culture, spilling into Western culture catalyst to Media 2.0’s globalisation. K-POP’s pursuit and false obtanity of utter perfection upholds well established ideals, but it comes at a cost. K-POP’s promotion of Idols that transcend societal norms and reality, which are then embodiment in fans’ dreams and desires, masking how the shrouded climb to stardom is arduous and often cruel.

The star factory process behind the scenes that dictates the export of talent, following formulaic and precise set of  rules and regulations. Exposed to girls through the media however is plain advocacy that doesn’t address this insitution’s omnipresent training and fixation on perfection. K-POP’s institutions are not just what we can see upon first glance. To identify a modern institution, we must closely analyse the true nature of an establishment. Adroit in the art of the mastering the media kpop is (PROFOUND STATEMENT LINKING TO MEDIA)

PB3 Assessment feedback – Before and after submission.

I was very sceptical about how my PB3 project would be interpreted and marked. The assessment pushed my creativity and physical skills and passion as I was regulating an interview that I wanted to be interesting for the viewer whilst respecting my subject and his limits. My overall mark was a distinction which I was happy to receive as I made sure to refer back to PB2 feedback and work on it’s criticism. However, for PB4 I am going to try and extent my use and knowledge of premiere/illustrator to try and get a HD. As I have been getting a 70-75 average on my assessments so far I would like to get a 75+ plus to confirm my progression in the course and knowledge in media.

PODCAST: Psy & The Rise of K-Pop : Mark Russell – 16TH MAY

 

A podcast with Mark Russel and his understanding of Psy and the Rise of K-POP.

“With worldwide familiarity of Korean pop culture increasing through the viral exposure of Korean musician Psy’s hit record “Gangnam Style”, this episode Korean Kontext speaks to Mark James Russell, author of “Pop Goes to Korea”.

Having lived in South Korea for over 13 years, Russell is a regular writer on Korean culture and entertainment for the New York Times, Newsweek, and Hollywood Reporter among other titles. Having also spent several years developing and producing several documentaries about Korean pop culture and history, Korean Kontext thought he would make an ideal candidate for trying to understand South Korea’s increasing prominence in the worlds of film, music and art.

What does the rise of Psy tell us about the popularity of Korean music in the United States, how is the internet helping bubble Korean content creators to the top of the game, and what role can government play in catalyzing the cultural output of its people? Mark answers these questions and more in essential listening for anyone interested in Korea’s growing cultural prominence”

 

Personifying Institutions….

 

For our PB4 video, we decided to consider personifying ‘Institution’ to create a more personalised and understanding approach. In the same way that Julia Roberts is personified, by personifying institution it allows us to communicate with the audience KPOP and MTV’s ambitions and what makes them an institution.

PB4 Development

Today in class we had to do a presentation about institutions (my upcoming PB4 topic). This was a good exercise as it expanded my knowledge and ideas about the topic because I had to discuss my knowledge about it so far. What we really focused on during the presentation was the idea surrounding institutions and why the appear. An institution appears only when there is resistance or societal push on a subject, and citizens need somewhere to unite and share values. Thus, by looking at MTV and KPOP we see how and why each culture has developed their institutions, adding culture value and knowledge in the international media spectrum.

PB4 Annotated Reference – Institutions

PB4 Annotated Reference – Institutions:

Guglielmo, Letizia. (2013) ‘MTV and Teen Pregnancy: Critical Essays on 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom’, Scarecrow Press, Maryland United States, Print.

Guglielmo in MTV and Teen Pregnancy: Critical Essays on 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom challenges through his academic texts why shows with controversial portrayals of teenagers mothers have received ongoing media attention. Discussing the contradicting nature of the shows as some argue that the programs could be a factor in reducing the number of teen pregnancies America has each year (the US being #1 in the world for unplanned teen pregnancies), Guglielmo questions whether the shows are beneficial education or just an exploitation of young women. Discussed are the social and cultural power structures used when creating such programs, and the influence and control each actor has in the making and projection of the show (directors, producers, social workers, audience, the family and the teenagers themselves). The book also provides a large collection of pieces of critical discourses, allowing for a diverse range of opinions and facts to discuss these suitability of such programs on American in home TV.

Overall, the text was suitable and beneficial as it broaden my ideas surrounding what the term ‘insitutions’ really means today. Its discussion on whether ‘having abortions are not uncommon, but talking publicly about it is’ exposed how even though MTV as an institution itself, it doesn’t hold complete control over what it produces as it has to compliment societal ideals and legal guidelines. This challenged by ideas of how and why an institution is developed, as I had previously referenced the term with a  degree of defying dominance e.g. jails, schools etcs. Instead this academic text discussed the power relationship an institutions has, expanding the previous linear transmission model and now stating that there is a much more post-modern interrelating actor factor to look at.

Hodgson, M. Geoffrey (2006) ‘What are institutions?’ in Journal of Economic Issues Vol XL’ , available ; accessed on 26th April 2016

In the same way Robert McKee broke down an approach to textual analysis, Hodgson breaks down our traditional idealism towards the ‘institutions’ and its connotations. He approaches the term as a wide spread sociological meaning that over the course of history has reflected many different things, and thus there is no unanimity in the definition of its concepts. Therefore, when thinking of the term ‘institutions’ one needs to try and avoid bias caused by relevant or not relevant characteristics presented to us today. In the age of ‘the second modernity’, the requirements of the term have become abstract, with the only relevant characteristic being governance over a certain collectivist community. He set fourth 5 areas of study: 1) institutions, conventions and rules, 2) concerning function and how they interact with individual agents, their habits and beliefs, 3) differences between organisation and institution and what creates a formal rule, 4) excessive bias in discussion of institutions toward those of the self organising type (they are a special case (social media)), and 5) differ in degree of sensitivity the institution has towards individual actors.

Hodgson’s descriptive texts creates a whole centred argument that exposes a lot of holes in Jones’ previous article. Hodgson’s addressed audience is academic students whom he is trying to steer away from bias that’s usually connoted to the ideas of institutions. As his topic talks about the attributes of institutions rather that institutions as a whole it allows for a more analytical and wide spread understanding of how we should look and thus view our topic. Hodgson’s article was one of the first extracts I read so I didn’t notice at first how well structured his argument is in comparison to other academics discussions. Coming back from my other bibliographies, Hodgson is the only author that i have found thus far that clearly demonstrated steps and approaches to understanding and analysing institutions. He deconstructs all connotations and stereotypes surrounding what is means to be an institution, but more  importantly what it means to be that institution, allowing us to create a more objective understanding of our subject.

Ingyu, Oh. & Park, Gil-Sung. (2013) ‘The Globalization of K-Pop:Korea’s Place in the Global Music Industry, The “Miracle” Narrative of the Korean Cultural Industries: Perspectives from the Middle East’, Print.

Ingyu and Park explain Korean pop and what is behind the unique cultural phenomenon that rests of the concept of cultural hybridity or Pop Asianism. As South Korean pop music is usually derived from Western locations like Europe, and then modified into Korean to then globally distribute, we see a surge in their music industry that mirrors the definition of an industrial globalisation. K-Pop represents an effort tonetwork global talent pools and social capital in the formerly disconnected music industry rather than an effort to emulate and slightly modify Japanese pop culture.As such, within the global music industry, Korea occupies a structural hole that exists between Western and East Asian music industries. Thus, we see an international surge in Korean Music exemplified through the 2014 song Gangnam Style that has ” ranked number onein YouTube click counts, reaching more than 1.4 billion hits as of March 17, 2013. Denuded and destroyed of whatever South Korean culture, K-Pop is a commercial combination of globalisation and the export business.

Whilst Ignyu and Park’s article of K-POP is interesting it does not specifically go into the area of K-Pop as an institution. However, one can derive from reading this article the close relationship of K-Pop’s globalisation with international recognition, that perhaps is an institution of global awareness. K-Pop would not have been able to achieve the success and international growth it has without the help of modern technology, thus we can associate K-Pop as an example of the 21st Century’s international institution of the internet. Therefore, whilst the article focused on K-Pop as a business and an international enterprise, we can still collect some valid points ideas surrounding the definition of an institution and it’s medium. 

Jones, Steve (2005) ‘MTV the Medium was the Message’ Critical Studies in Media Communication Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 83–88. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Oxford Print.

Jones’ article surrounding MTV and MTV’s evolution and developments over generations focusing on it’s proven impact on societal youths. As MTV was started up in the U.S. in the 1980s it’s ambition and styles were matched by degree America’s cultural formation. By making available to those of us who were seeking something new they used theoretical tools to construct understandings of music, image, and popular (particularly youth) culture in a progressive era.

Jones’ article is a paramilitary introduction into MTV and it’s effect on society. Although, he does raise some good facts that surround the globalisation of MTV within the last fifty years as it has created subheading genres that became so popular they now have their own channel. Contemplating also MTV’s reflection of time and what needed to be in the entertainment sector to equate the changing societal views of post 60’s-80’s, you can use this article as Hodgson second area of study concerning function and how institutions interact with individual agents, their habits and beliefs. Furthermore, as MTV is a entertainment medium it is impossible for anyone to study it without being subjected to it’s obvious messages and curriculum. Thus, every academic article that is written denotes an individual’s perception of societal values which contribute to the larger idea of institutions and their formal rules.

Jones, Timothy (2016) ‘Safe Schools Coalition: What is the Christian Right Afraid of?’ The Conversation, available ; accessed on 26th April 2016.

In summary this article discusses the Safe School Coalition within primary and secondary school institutions. Jones exposes how the program’s effectiveness and ambitions aren’t being carried out due to conservative and influential actors abuse of social and official power. The source significantly shows a controversial element of institutions; institutional thinking. It’s exposing nature initially reminds us that when we study institutions we must study not only their aims, but also the individual actor’s whom make up the community.

However, when critically analysing this text we see that Jones’ uses an analytical approach with a political agenda that persuades his audience to view the Turnbull government in a certain (disapproving) way. He is appealing to the 75%+ people in Australia that believes not only in gay marriage, but marriage equality. He deplores the governments protection of democracy by conspiring that official influences determine affairs areas where they shouldn’t. In doing so, he creates a internal commentary in the mind’s of his audience, (the general public of Australia), which makes them questions whether their own rights are being protected if the LGBT ones are not. His assumption that the Safe Schools reform made in March are due tampering conservative hands creates a foundation of scepticism within the reader that leaves them questioning the current elected government on the brink of a double dissolution. 

Rook, Lauren. (2006) An Economic Psychological Approach to Herd Behavior, Journal of Economic Issues, 40:1, 75-95, accessed on 27th April 2016
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00213624.2006.11506883

Lauren Rook’s article rationalises the what and why of herd behaviour. Her approach to herd behaviour focuses on singular actor’s more than the institution of convention, reasoning the behaviour’s conformity in the choices an actor produces. Referencing Hodgson, Rook agrees with his philosophy that “the essential aspects of human personality and motivation are conceived as independent of social relations with others” (236) meaning an individual’s relationship with personal ambition is usually formed through their relationships with others. Thus, Rook states we must ask why and when to understand how herd behaviour and therefore the dependance on institutions and imitation arises.

Although Rook raises some good points in her descriptive article, especially her introduction to the idea and terminology of ‘herd behaviour’ she lacks a concluding  convicted. Her discussion of ‘frames of reference’ (where social norms emerge as a collective response in groups facing new and ambiguous situations), gives us a good foundation to understanding institutions and the actors within them, but lacks her own examples using Theodore Newcomb’s, but none of her own to show her true understanding and depth. This source was useful as it was engaging and easy to read so it broke down concepts that I can now use as foundation knowledge. Within the reading there was also good research that I could research further to grab a more precise concept of how institutions are created and why they work.